Wow Andy, That question probably has as many answers as there are members of this board.

First, it mostly depends on the species that you are fishing for. Then, time of day, clarity of the water, flow etc...

A few basics to get you started:

Kings and silvers - Deep, slower water. (but not always)

Chums - Gravel bars, with about 3 to 5' of depth, and a walking speed flow.

Steelhead - Depending on conditions, they could be anywhere. But generally, look for them on soft water seams, close to cover, tailouts, broken surface water (riffles), heads of deep pools where riffles pour in etc...

Reading water is one of those skills that a good fisherman is constantly developing. My best advice would be just to put in your time, and experiment fishing all of those places you described. The more you do, the better at it you will become.