So true. One of the real problems in trying to do salmon ecosystem recovery is that there is no Silver Bullet. No one fix. We could close all fisheries, close all hatcheries, and still have significant issues with dams, lack of floodplains, and a myriad pf other issues. We could take out all the dams, and salmon still won't come back strong.

We know, with absolute certainty, what excellent salmonid ecosystems look like, from headwaters to ocean. It's called Kamchatka and we've seen it when it was working. On this side of the Pacific we just have to decide how closely we want to replicate Kamchatkan watersheds. We know what's needed, but we also know that there is zero chance that North America is willing to do it.