I can offer an observation I have witnessed on a couple of PS rivers and estuaries. Since the mid to late 80's there has been what I've seen as a huge increase in the cormorant population. Same down on the lower Columbia. They are smart. Every spring they stage at strategic locations set up for the outward migration of smolts. For some reason these locations on the Puyallup and Green are where large cables crossings are located. By the hundreds they come. On the Columbia it's thousands. They are very efficient diving hunters eating a dozen 4-10 inch, or larger fish daily. If you do the math it is evident there impact. The other huge proven impact are seals. One thing is for sure back in the 70's and early 80's less were around. I've often wondered why more study has not been done of the impact here in PS. They have been identified, hazed, trapped and killed on the Columbia for the impact there. One PS Steelhead study on migration had smolt implanted transmitters to see where they were going. Funny thing was very few made it to the Straits and another funny thing is some of the transmitters were found on shore amongst cormorant feces. IMO they need to be managed like everything else. That starts with delisting them as endangered. Offer hunting seasons and bounty's to manage the populations and there impact on endangered fish.